Fire services across the UK offer free smoke alarms to certain groups as part of their fire prevention strategies. These programmes aim to protect those most at risk from fire hazards. While availability varies by region, most fire services prioritise vulnerable households.
Who Qualifies for Free Smoke Alarms?
You may qualify for free smoke alarms if you belong to one of these groups:
Adults aged 65 and over
People with disabilities or mobility issues
Those with visual or hearing difficulties
Low income households
Families with young children
People living alone
Free Smoke Alarms from Fire Services
Most fire services use our online Home Fire Safety Check to triage for a home visit. Usually, fire services ask individuals, carers or third parties to complete this check first. The check scores the household to see how high-risk it is and refers them to the fire service to investigate or visit.
Free Smoke Alarms for Older Adults
If you are over 65, you have a higher chance of qualifying for free smoke alarms. Many fire services prioritise older adults because statistics show they face greater risks during fire emergencies. Some areas offer specialised alarms with strobe lights or vibrating pads for those with hearing loss.
Vulnerable Groups and Access to Free Alarms
You may receive free smoke alarms if you have disabilities that affect your ability to respond to fires. This includes mobility issues, sensory difficulties or cognitive conditions. Local councils sometimes work alongside fire services to identify and support vulnerable residents.
How to Apply for Free Smoke Alarms
To check if you qualify for free smoke alarms:
Contact your local fire service directly
Request a Home Fire Safety Visit
Explain your circumstances when booking
Provide details about any specific needs
The fire service will assess your eligibility based on local criteria and available resources.
What If You Don’t Qualify?
If you don’t meet the eligibility criteria for free smoke alarms, you can still purchase high-quality smoke detectors at reasonable prices. Safelincs offers a wide range of smoke alarms suited to various needs, from basic models to interconnected systems.
Remember that investing in proper smoke alarms significantly increases your chances of escaping a fire safely. All homes should have working smoke alarms on each floor, regardless of whether they were obtained for free or purchased.
When you manage a building, you need to ensure everyone can exit safely during an emergency. For people with mobility challenges or higher dependencies, vertical evacuation becomes particularly important. Vertical evacuation refers to the process of moving people down or sometimes up staircases when lifts cannot be used during emergencies.
As the responsible person for fire safety, you must provide adequate evacuation methods for all building occupants, including those with mobility impairments. Proper equipment makes this possible and helps you meet legal obligations while keeping everyone safe.
Legal Requirements for Vertical Evacuation
Under current legislation, you have a legal obligation to ensure all building occupants can evacuate safely during an emergency. This includes people with mobility impairments who cannot use stairs without assistance.
You must comply with fire safety regulations, health and safety laws and equal opportunity requirements. These stipulate that suitable evacuation plans and equipment must be in place to assist people with higher dependencies.
Remember that lifts typically cannot be used during fire emergencies, making alternative methods essential for multi-storey buildings.
Types of Vertical Evacuation Equipment
Evacuation Chairs
Evacuation chairs are designed to transport people with mobility impairments down stairs during emergencies. These chairs use friction belt systems to ensure a controlled, smooth descent.
The Evac+Chair range offers several models suitable for various needs:
Standard evacuation chairs like the 300H MK5 model feature safety belts, head restraints and simple operation mechanisms.
Bariatric evacuation chairs such as the 500H MK5 can support users weighing up to 227kg and work on regular and steep 45° stairs.
Multi-operator chairs like the 600H MK5 have additional handles allowing up to four operators, ideal for difficult access locations.
Ascent and descent chairs such as the IBEX TranSeat 700H can move both up and down stairs, useful for evacuating from basement levels.
Motorised evacuation chairs like the Power 1000H remove any physical strain on operators.
Evacuation chairs are classified as Class I Medical Devices, and their use is regulated under the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER), requiring proper training for operators.
Evacuation Sheets and Sledges
Evacuation sheets and sledges offer alternative solutions for moving people who are bed-bound or have very limited mobility:
Evacuation sheets attach to mattresses, allowing a person to be quickly secured and pulled to safety. These sheets work well in buildings with narrow staircases and limited space.
Evacuation sledges provide more padding and support than sheets, with straps to secure the person during movement. They are particularly useful for wheelchair users who need additional comfort.
Evacuation mattresses combine the functions of sheets and sledges, offering padding while allowing easy movement down stairs.
These options are commonly used in hospitals, care homes and other settings where people might be confined to beds.
Evacuation Chutes
For tall buildings where traditional evacuation methods might not be sufficient, evacuation chutes provide a safe descent option:
These specialised devices offer controlled descent from height as secondary evacuation routes.
They can be installed for escape from windows, roofs or external walkways.
Chutes are particularly valuable in tower blocks and high-rise office buildings.
Specialist Equipment for Specific Needs
Some people require equipment designed for their particular needs:
Bariatric evacuation equipment such as the Bariatric EvacMat and Bariatric Slide Sheet support the safe evacuation of larger individuals.
Transfer slings assist in moving people from wheelchairs to evacuation chairs.
Child and infant evacuation equipment including the Buscot BabEvac Evacuation Cot and TabEvac Evacuation Apron ensure the youngest building occupants can be safely moved.
Choosing the Right Vertical Evacuation Equipment
To select appropriate vertical evacuation equipment, consider:
Building layout – Note staircase width, steepness and any difficult access points.
Occupant needs – Assess the specific requirements of people who will need assistance.
Staff capability – Consider how many trained staff will be available to operate equipment.
Storage options – Determine where equipment will be stored for quick access during emergencies.
For complex buildings or varied needs, you might require multiple types of evacuation equipment to ensure complete coverage.
Proper training ensures equipment can be used effectively when needed:
Training should cover both theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
Regular practice sessions help maintain operator confidence and ability.
Safelincs offers certificated on-site training for up to six participants per session.
Keep evacuation equipment properly maintained and accessible:
Store equipment in clearly marked locations using stands or storage cabinets.
Use photoluminescent signs to highlight equipment locations.
Conduct regular checks to ensure all equipment remains in working order.
Additional Evacuation Equipment
Besides the main vertical evacuation devices, consider supplementary equipment:
Fire warden accessories such as high visibility clothing help identify those responsible for coordinating evacuation.
Site alarms provide clear audible signals during emergencies.
Escape hoods give users up to 15 minutes protection from toxic gases during evacuation.
Effective vertical evacuation equipment allows you to protect all building occupants during emergencies, regardless of their physical abilities. By selecting appropriate evacuation chairs, sheets, sledges or specialised equipment, you fulfil your legal responsibilities while ensuring the safety of people with higher dependencies.
Remember that equipment choice should be matched with proper training and maintenance to guarantee successful evacuation when needed. With the right approach, you can create a safe environment where everyone has a viable escape route.
Despite common terminology, electricity itself does not burn. What we call ‘electrical fires’ occur when electrical current heats materials near cables or equipment, causing them to ignite. These fires typically start in cable coverings or foreign objects inside electrical devices.
Fire Extinguisher Types Safe for Electrical Equipment
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguishers
CO2 fire extinguishers have traditionally been the first choice for electrical fires. These extinguishers:
Discharge non-conductive gas that smothers flames
Leave no residue, protecting sensitive equipment
Are highly effective fires involving electrical equipment
Feature distinctive black labels
The main limitation of CO2 extinguishers is that the gas can disperse quickly, potentially allowing fires to reignite if the source of heat remains.
Powder Extinguishers
Powder extinguishers work effectively on electrical fires because:
The powder does not conduct electricity
They offer powerful fire suppression
They work across multiple fire classes
However, powder extinguishers are now less recommended for indoor use due to potential respiratory irritation and reduced visibility when discharged, which might block escape routes.
Water Mist Extinguishers
Modern water mist extinguishers represent a significant advancement in fire safety technology:
Use de-ionised water that cannot conduct electricity
Discharge through specially designed nozzles creating ultra-fine mist
Have passed di electric testing to 35,000 volts
Safe for use up to 1000V from 1 metre distance
Create minimal water damage to equipment
Do not form dangerous water pools that might conduct electricity
Offer excellent cooling properties
Eco Foam Extinguishers
The latest generation of foam extinguishers includes eco-friendly options:
Free from harmful PFAS chemicals
Di electrically tested for use on live electrical equipment
Effective across multiple fire classes
More environmentally responsible than traditional foams
Provide good fire suppression capabilities
What is Di Electric Testing?
Di-electric testing verifies that extinguishers are safe for electrical fires. This rigorous testing ensures:
No electrical current flows back to the person using the extinguisher
Testing occurs at extremely high voltage (35,000V)
Certified extinguishers are safe at specified distances
Safety limitations (typically 1000V maximum and 1-metre minimum distance)
This certification is crucial when selecting extinguishers for areas with electrical equipment.
The types of electrical equipment in your building
Potential fire risks from computers, printers, kitchen appliances
The need for extinguishers that will not damage sensitive equipment
Ensuring extinguishers are placed near higher-risk areas
Remember that when liquid extinguishers are used on electrical equipment, the electrical supply often cuts off automatically as fuses trip. This reduces but does not eliminate risk.
Choosing the Right Fire Extinguisher
For optimal protection against electrical fires, consider:
CO2 Extinguishers: Best for server rooms, offices with computers and areas with sensitive electrical equipment.
Water Mist Extinguishers: Excellent all-rounders that provide protection for fires involving electrical equipment while causing minimal damage.
Eco Foam Extinguishers: Good choice for areas with mixed fire risks, including electrical components.
The right fire extinguisher improves safety outcomes and protects valuable equipment. While CO2 extinguishers remain popular for electrical fires, newer technologies like water mist offer effective alternatives with additional benefits.
For your business or home, assess all potential fire risks, including electrical equipment such as laptops, printers and kitchen appliances, when planning your fire safety strategy.
As the UK’s leading fire safety company, Safelincs offers a complete range of extinguishers suitable for electrical equipment, backed by award-winning customer service and fire safety expertise.
Water fire extinguishers are essential tools for fighting Class A fires involving solid combustible materials such as wood, paper, textiles and coal. These red extinguishers provide an effective way to control fires by cooling the burning materials and preventing them from reigniting.
At Safelincs, we supply water extinguishers kitemarked to BS EN3 that come fully charged and with wall brackets for proper installation. Our water extinguishers are designed to meet the highest safety standards, ensuring you have reliable fire protection when needed.
How Water Fire Extinguishers Work
Water fire extinguishers work on a simple but effective principle. When you activate a water fire extinguisher, it releases a steady jet of water that:
Cools the burning material by absorbing heat from the fire
Penetrates deep into porous materials like wood and fabric
Lowers the temperature below the ignition point
Creates a cooling effect that prevents reignition
The cooling action is the main way water extinguishers fight fires. When water comes into contact with flames and hot materials, it absorbs heat and turns to steam. This process draws heat away from the fire, eventually reducing the temperature to a point where combustion can no longer continue.
Water Fire Extinguisher Colour and Identification
Water fire extinguishers feature an all-red body with a red identification panel. To help with quick identification, they have a thick border around the ID field with the words ‘water extinguisher’ clearly marked.
For proper identification and to avoid confusion about usage restrictions, we suggest installing water fire extinguisher signs above your units. These signs help to clarify that the extinguisher contains water and highlight important limitations, such as not using them on fires involving live electrical equipment unless specifically tested for this purpose.
What Fires Can Water Extinguishers Be Used On?
Water fire extinguishers are specifically designed for Class A fires involving solid combustible materials:
Wood and wooden structures
Paper and cardboard
Textiles and fabrics
Coal and other solid fuels
Their effectiveness comes from water’s ability to soak into these materials, cooling them thoroughly and preventing hot spots from reigniting.
Water Fire Extinguisher Limitations
It is crucial to understand that standard water fire extinguishers should not be used on:
Class B fires (flammable liquids)
Class C fires (flammable gases)
Class D fires (combustible metals)
Class F fires (cooking oils and fats)
Using a standard water extinguisher on these types of fires can be ineffective and potentially dangerous. On cooking oil fires, water can cause violent flare-ups as it sinks below the oil surface and rapidly turns to steam, ejecting burning oil.
Only use water extinguishers on live electrical equipment if they display the ‘safe for use on electrical equipment’ symbol, indicating they have passed testing on live electrical equipment up to 1000v according to BS EN 3-7 standards.
How Water Mist Fire Extinguishers Work
Water mist fire extinguishers represent advanced firefighting technology that works differently from traditional water models. These innovative units:
Use a supersonic nozzle to create microscopic water droplets
Form a fine mist that surrounds the fire
Reduce oxygen supply to the flames
Create a cooling barrier over burning materials
Prevent reignition through efficient heat absorption
The extremely small water particles in the mist have a much larger combined surface area than a solid jet of water. This allows them to absorb heat more efficiently and turn to steam faster, suffocating the fire by displacing oxygen.
Because the water droplets are so small, they do not conduct electricity in the same way as a solid stream of water. The deionised water used in these extinguishers further reduces conductivity, making them safe for use on electrical fires up to 1000 volts.
Benefits of Water Mist Fire Extinguishers
Water mist fire extinguishers offer several advantages over traditional water and other types of extinguishers:
Suitable for multiple fire classes (A, B, C and fires involving live electrical equipment)
Contain only deionised water with no harmful chemicals
Leave virtually no residue when discharged
Environmentally friendly with no chemical discharge
Safe to use around children and vulnerable people
Effective on clothing fires without harming the person
Low-pressure discharge that minimises damage to surroundings
These versatile units are becoming increasingly popular as alternatives to AFFF foam extinguishers, which will soon face international restrictions due to environmental concerns.
Where to Use Water Mist Extinguishers
Water mist fire extinguishers are suitable for a wide range of locations:
Homes and house shares (HMOs)
Schools and nurseries
Offices and reception areas
Churches and places of worship
Retail environments
Caravans and campervans
Boat cabins
Domestic kitchens (for small cooking oil fires)
Heritage buildings
Their versatility makes them an excellent choice for environments where different types of fire risks exist and where users might not have extensive fire safety training. The simple operation and wide application range mean there is less confusion about which extinguisher to use in an emergency.
For cooking oil fires, water mist extinguishers are suitable for small domestic incidents, such as shallow frying pans and small deep fat fryers (2-3 litres). The mist creates a cooling blanket above the oil, reducing oxygen and preventing reignition. However, for larger commercial deep fat fryers with greater surface area and oil volume, we recommend wet chemical extinguishers with a 25F or higher rating.
Water fire extinguishers provide effective protection against Class A fires through their cooling properties. The newer water mist technology expands this protection to include multiple fire classes while offering environmental benefits and reduced collateral damage.
For guidance on selecting the right fire extinguisher for your needs, our fire extinguisher guide provides further information on different types and their capabilities. At Safelincs, we are committed to providing quality fire safety products with excellent customer service to ensure your protection needs are met.
Securing your building against unauthorized entry whilst maintaining a swift and safe fire escape can be challenging. Magnetic locks (also known as maglocks) are designed for this purpose, to provide secure access control into a building.
Access Control Systems & Magnetic Locks
How do magnetic door locks work?
Maglocks use a strong, electrically powered electromagnet to hold the door closed. If the power fails, or is interrupted by a fire alarm signal, the magnet loses power and releases the door. During normal use, the door is released by pressing an INSIDE button, with external keypad overrides available.
Of course, if the fire alarm is activated, the maglocks will be released automatically in any system. The maglock devices are powered by a 12V power supply.
We have a range of magnetic access control kits that keep out uninvited guests. Linking up with fire detection units and releasing doors in the event of a fire. These kits also come ready to be installed by a qualified electrician.
For a range of other access door control equipment, take a look at our exit door securityrange.
Kitchens produce great amounts of steam and smoke when cooking which may set off smoke alarms, therefore heat alarms are advised instead. The majority of fires in the home are started in the kitchen, making fires in houses without heat alarms go undetected for a much longer period. You miss out on the ability to detect rises in temperature and the sound of an alarm to alert you of a fire.
What does a heat alarm do?
A heat alarm is a type of fire alarm that detects a rapid rise in temperature, rather than the presence of smoke. Heat alarms contain a thermistor that is set to respond to temperatures above 58°C. When heat enters the sensor chamber in the alarm, it triggers the heat alarm to sound, alerting occupants of a fire. A heat alarm serves as a key component in fire safety systems. By alerting occupants to dangerous temperature increases, heat alarms help to reduce the risk of fire-related injuries and property damage, allowing for swift evacuation and intervention measures.
What is the difference between heat alarms and smoke alarms?
Heat alarms and smoke alarms work together to provide the best fire detection system in homes. While smoke alarms are designed to detect the presence of smoke, heat alarms are specifically engineered to respond to rises in temperature. The difference in detection makes heat alarms advantageous in environments prone to smoke exposure, such as kitchens and garages. Unlike smoke alarms, which may sound an alarm in response to smoke from cooking or other non-fire-related sources, heat alarms remain unaffected, reducing the likelihood of false alarms. Smoke alarms (optical alarms) are ideally suited to hallways, landings, living areas and bedrooms where false alarms are unlikely.
Where should I put a heat alarm?
Heat alarms should be installed in places where smoke alarms would be prone to false alarms, such as kitchens and garages. Smoke alarms would detect smoke from cooking in the kitchen and exhaust fumes in the garage, therefore it is wise to have a heat alarm in these areas instead.
Heat alarms will have positioning instructions within the supplied user manual, but ideally should be installed in the centre of the ceiling. It’s recommended to position the heat alarm at least 300mm away from walls and light fittings/decorative objects. This is because air does not circulate effectively in corners, and objects like light fittings can obstruct heat from entering the heat alarm’s sensor chamber.
On a sloped ceiling, the position of a heat alarm should be measured vertically from the peak, and can be installed within 150mm of it. It’s still important to position the detector as central to the ceiling as possible.
Are heat alarms a legal requirement?
In Scotland, all domestic premises are now required by law to have a heat alarm in the kitchen. For the rest of the UK, legal requirements regarding heat alarms vary depending on the type of property and its specific circumstances.
If your home had heat alarms fitted when you moved in or they’re required by building regulations to be fitted as part as an extension or renovation, then you must have heat alarms. Regardless of the law, fitting a heat alarm in the kitchen allows you to have the best level of protection for you and your family in the event of a fire.
More than half of UK housefires start in the kitchen
HMO’s (‘homes of multiple occupancy’) are rented properties with shared communal spaces, like kitchens and bathrooms, where the tenants lease independently. A common example of this is student housing, while HMOs are often habituated by recent graduates, and other young people. Shared communal spaces often have neglected responsibility for safety and general housekeeping, meaning that the risk of fires in HMOs is raised.
The Responsible Person for the building has a duty to maintain and promote fire safety in rental properties. This includes installing the right fire detection systems, educating tenants on fire safety, and maintaining fire doors. In the event of a fire, domestic firefighting equipment can be a lifeline for tenants.
Should landlords provide fire extinguishers in HMOs?
At least one suitable fire extinguisher must be provided in every kitchen of a large HMO (more than 5 tenants). Water Mist extinguishers are ideal for this, as they can be used on solid and liquid combustible fires, as well as small cooking fires. This covers most home fire risks. The landlord, or Responsible Person for the property must ensure that all extinguishers are well maintained. They must also be serviced annually (if applicable), and replaced if used or damaged.
Fire extinguishers can be used to aid a tenant in safe escape from a building. They may also be used to tackle small flames before they become out of control.
In private rentals, landlords are not obliged to provide fire extinguishers, although it is recommended.
Should landlords provide fire blankets in HMOs?
Fire blankets can prevent small pan fires from spreading out of control
Landlords must provide one fire blanket per kitchen in every HMO, no matter how many tenants are resident. These should be hung on a wall away from the likely source of fire (cooker), regularly checked, and replaced if used or damaged. Fire blankets provide a simple and effective solution to frying pan fires, which cannot be extinguished with water. Accidents in the kitchen which cause fires can be devastating if allowed to spread.
The provision of fire blankets in private rentals is not mandated. However, more than half of all UK house fires start in the kitchen. Installing a fire blanket protects both the tenant and the property from fire.
Are tenants expected to fight fires?
Tenants cannot be expected to put themselves at risk to fight a fire. By providing fire fighting equipment, such as extinguishers and fire blankets, the tenant is provided with the option to tackle a small fire before it spreads, and only if it is safe to do so.
When a new tenant moves in, they should be provided with guidance about what to do in a fire. This includes instruction on how to use fire-fighting equipment if it has been installed, but only to attempt this if it is safe. More importantly, tenants should be told how to raise the alarm in the event of a fire, and how to safely evacuate the building. This is particularly important in flats and HMOs.
Misuse of fire extinguishers in HMOs
Educating tenants on the correct use of the extinguishers installed in HMOs is essential; getting this wrong can be fatal. Where more than one type of fire extinguisher is installed to cover different fire risks, there is a risk of the wrong type being used. This can be incredibly dangerous, not only because the extinguisher will not work, but because it could make the fire worse, and spread the flames. The only way to avoid this is to install one type of extinguisher. However, this extinguisher must be suitable for all present fire risks. A Water Mist extinguisher is therefore a good example of a versatile extinguisher that provides good all round coverage for most common risks.
There is also, of course, a risk of vandalism to and with fire extinguishers in HMOs. This could involve damage to the extinguisher, or unnecessary deployment of the extinguisher. The best way to avoid this is educating residents on the importance of extinguishers for fighting fires. This is particularly important as if there are repeated incidents of vandalism, the risk assessment may find the risk of this to outweigh the risk of fire. In this case, extinguishers would need to be removed, meaning that they would not be available in a fire.
Installing Water Mist extinguishers overcomes some of the dangers associated with accidental or unnecessary deployment. These units contain only deionised water, which is non-toxic, and will not cause damage to furniture or property.
How can landlords prevent the spread of fires?
Fire doors slow the spread of smoke and flames
Fire fighting is a last resort in stopping the spread of fires. Tenants and the properties they live in must be primarily protected by preventative measures. This includes:
Maintenance of fire doors – use our free fire door inspection checklist to monitor the condition of fire doors in HMOs. From January 2023, in buildings over 11m in height, flat entrance door must be checked annually, while doors in and entering onto communal spaces must be checked quarterly. This includes checking door closers for vandalism – appropriate action must be taken where these have been deactivated due to tenants with mobility issues struggling with heavy fire doors.
Fire detection systems – Every HMO must have a suitable fire detection system, which is maintained and tested regularly.
Educating tenants – when they move in, tenants should be given guidance about good house keeping in relation to fire safety. They should also be advised on how to respond to a fire, including how to raise the alarm and evacuate.
Fire suppression systems – in some buildings, such as blocks of flats, suppression systems like sprinklers may be appropriate. Sprinklers reduce the damage caused by fire, and to allow tenants time to escape.
Fire-fighting equipment – fire blankets must be installed in the kitchens of all HMOs, and tenants should be advised on how and when to use them. Similarly, where fire extinguishers are installed, tenants should be given guidance on when they might attempt to use them, and which type of extinguisher to use.
Are tenants liable for fires?
There are over 30,000 house fires in the UK every year. These accidents are often devastating for the residents, who may lose all of their belongings. Landlords’ building insurance is therefore essential for the protection of their property from fire.
Tenants cannot be held accountable for failing to fight a fire that breaks out in their home. However, they may be liable for causing the fire if the subsequent investigation finds them to have been at fault. Tenants should therefore invest in contents insurance, including fire damage caused by accidents, faulty appliances, electrical issues.
It is Responsible Person’s duty to ensure that fire, and the damage they cause, are prevented in their property. This can be done primarily through education of tenants. Further to this, the maintenance of fire doors, fire detection systems, fire blankets, and fire suppression systems reduce the damage caused by fires. In large HMOs, or if the risk assessment deems it appropriate, install extinguishers for the control of small fires, or to assist tenants in safe escape from the building.
The final exits on escape routes in public buildings are known as fire exits. These doors should open easily and immediately. Wherever practicable, they should open “in the direction of escape”, i.e., outwards into a place of safety outside the building. Push pads and panic bars are often fitted on fire exits to ensure this.
Sometimes fire exit doors are, under normal circumstances, part of the usual route of traffic, such as a front door. Fire exits can also be for emergency use only, and not used during normal operation. Sliding or revolving doors must not be used for exits specifically intended as fire exits.
Emergency routes and fire exits must be well lit, and indicated by appropriate signs, e.g. “Fire Exit – Keep Clear”. In locations that require illumination, emergency lighting of adequate intensity must be provided. This ensures that if the normal lighting fails, signs remain clearly visible.
Fire exits are final exit doors from a building to a place of safety
Under Article 14 of the RRFSO, this duty of care includes ensuring that “routes to emergency exits from premises and the exits themselves are kept clear at all times” (14: 1). These “emergency routes and exits must lead as directly as possible to a place of safety” (14: 2: a).
This means that the Responsible Person must ensure that the entire escape route, remain unobstructed at all times. ‘The entire escape route” includes outdoor routes from the final exit of a building to a place of safety. To achieve this, staff should be educated educating staff on the importance of good housekeeping for fire safety. This encourages the whole team to maintain clear exit routes.
What type of door is on a fire escape route?
Fire doors are doors with a certified fire rating, meaning that they have been tested to withstand fire for a set period of time (usually 30 or 60 minutes). Fire doors halt the spread of flames and smoke for this time, slowing the spread of fire throughout the building. This is called ‘compartmentation’, which provides time for building users to evacuate. Further to this, compartmentation limits damage to the building before emergency services can get the fire under control.
In most cases, the final exit door, which leads to the outside, is not a fire rated door. Doors along the escape route, however, usually need to be certified fire doors. That is because these doors are involved in compartmentation of the building.
Fire exit doors must provide building users with immediate access to the outside of the building. This means that they cannot be locked internally. Instead, fire exits must be fitted with appropriate ‘panic hardware’ (push pads or panic bars) to enable rapid escape.
To prevent misuse of fire exit doors in non-emergency situations, tamper seals or security alarms can be fitted. Alarms will sound upon opening of the door, which notifies security of a breach. Tamper seals snap easily, so the door will open in an emergency. When installed, they to discourage misuse, while ‘tracking’ unauthorised entry/exit from the building. If the tamper seal is broken, the door has been used, which can be logged. These products are, of course, only suitable for doors which are for emergency use only, and do not serve as access doors in normal circumstances.
These mechanisms can be fitted with outside access devices, so that the door cannot be opened from the outside. This prevents unauthorised access, while maintaining an effective fire exit.
Outside access devices allow fire doors to as security doors and emergency exits
Holding fire exits open
Fire doors, involved in compartmentation, should never be held open without a fire door retainer. However, it is permitted to hold open a fire exit, either to improve accessibility or ventilation.
A ‘hold-back’ device can be fitted on panic and emergency exit operating mechanisms, enabling fire exit doors to be held open.
What are panic bars?
Panic bars are designed for use by visitors to public premises, who are not familiar with the building. In these circumstances, a ‘panic’ situation could easily arise if the fire alarm sounds and people have suddenly to evacuate.
A panic bar will open the fire exit even when people are pressed tightly against the bar and door. In a panic situation, this is useful when dense crowding causes people to eb unable to move their hands. All final escape doors that could be used by members of the public during an escape are therefore categorised as ‘panic exit doors’. These must be fitted with escape hardware that has been certified to BS EN1125.
In order to open fire exit doors, fitted with panic hardware, from the outside, an appropriate outside access device will have to be fitted: for example, a knob or lever operated unit with either a cylinder lock and key or a heavy duty keypad lock. This secures the fire exit against unauthorised access.
What are emergency push pads
Emergency push pads are designed for use on the final exit on an escape route in commercial premises, like offices. These pads are smaller than panic bars, so they require more precision for activation. Staff in commercial premises should be familiar with the building layout, and have appropriate training with regular fire drills. This training ensures that staff do not panic in an emergency, and can safely operate the push pad.
Fire safety guidelines set out by the former DCLG, now the Department for Levelling Up, Housing, and Communities, state that “premises with limited numbers of staff or others who are familiar with the building and where panic is not likely may use alternative devices (to panic bars), for example push pads or lever handles”. All final exit doors that are used only by trained personnel are categorised as ’emergency exit doors’. These must be fitted with emergency exit hardware certified to BS EN179.
Outside access devices for use with push pads include knob or lever operated units with cylinder or keypad locks.
Panic Bar
Push Pad
Bolts vs latches on panic hardware
Latch fastening is suitable for use on single doors or the active leaf (i.e. the first opening leaf) of rebated double doors. When the panic bar or push pad is pressed, the latch retracts, releasing the door.
Bolt fastening features a vertical bolt that secures the door at the top and bottom. When the panic bar or push pad is pressed, the bolt retracts simultaneously from top and bottom to release the door. If an attempt is made to force the door from outside, for example by levering the bottom bolt out of position, the top bolt will remain in situ, and vice versa. This security feature is known as “two-point independent locking”. Non-rebated double doors should be secured with double bolts.
Single vertical bolts are suitable for use on single doors and the inactive (i.e. second opening leaf) of rebated double doors. In the latter case, pressing the panic bar on the inactive leaf and pushing against the door will also cause the active leaf to open.
Both types of mechanism can be fitted with an external locking system for security purposes.
Maintenance of panic/emergency exit hardware
Regular testing of panic and emergency exit hardware is essential for the maintenance of escape routes. Points to check and address as necessary include:
Exit device function
Component condition
Security of fixings
In addition, the exit itself must always be kept clear of any obstruction that would hinder the function of exit hardware or the escape of people from the building.
What is the minimum width for fire escapes?
New and structurally altered buildings
Corridors in new buildings or building extensions which are part of a fire escape route must be at least 1200mm (1.2m) wide along the full length. If the width is less than 1800mm (1.8m), 1800 x 1800mm passing places should be integrated. This accounts for wheelchair accessibility.
Fire exit doors on these corridors should be no less than the width of the corridor minus 150mm. Therefore, a fire exit door on a corridor must be at least 1050mm. For fire exits from larger spaces, like sports halls, offices, and classrooms, a narrower doorway may be permitted, assuming the fire risk assessment deems it appropriate for the maximum capacity and expected use of that area of the building.
Existing buildings
In existing buildings, corridors should be at least 1000mm wide, or 1200mm if wheelchair accessibility is required. Fire exit doors in these premises are usually required to be at least 800mm wide.
Are your fire exits wide enough?
How wide are fire exits required to be?
Further to the guidance on minimum widths, fire exits must be wide enough to ensure that all occupants can evacuate in an emergency. This calculation is based on the maximum number of occupants that each exit would be expected to serve in an emergency and the number of fire exits available, as well as the use of the building, and other specific risk factors on the premises.
If a storey or room has two or more exits, it should be assumed that a fire might prevent the occupants from using one of them. The remaining exit or exits therefore need to be wide enough to allow all the occupants to leave quickly. Therefore, when calculating the required widths of exits, it must be ensured that requirements can be met even if one of the exits is inaccessible.
Guidance for new buildings
Current building regulations contain guidance on the widths of escape routes and exits for new-build, non-domestic properties, and communal areas in purpose-built blocks of flats. “The Building Regulations 2010, Fire Safety, Approved Document B, Volume 2 – Buildings Other Than Dwellinghouses” provides guidance on how to calculate the required fire escape widths in a premises to comply with legislation. As a general rule, the minimum allowed fire exit door width is 750mm, but this depends on how many people are expected to use the exit, among other factors.
Guidance for existing buildings
The current BSI “Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings” (BS 9999: 2017) takes a complementary approach to this calculation. This approach is based on occupancy characteristics and fire growth rate. It is especially significant to escape routes and fire exits in existing premises, particularly if they are of a historical or heritage nature.
Combining these two factors creates the risk profile of a specific building. This means that in existing buildings, there is scope for an interpretative approach. Competent judgement on a case-by-case basis can therefore take into account the specific features of an individual building.
The ‘occupancy characteristic’ is determined according to whether the occupants are familiar or unfamiliar with the building, and whether they are likely to be awake or asleep. The Standard rates this risk from A (lowest) to C (highest) risk.
The fire growth rate is estimated according to the nature and quantity of combustible materials in a specific building. The standard rates this risk from 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest) risk.
Based on these characteristics, buildings are given a letter and number rating, from low (A1) to high (C3), which determines their level of risk. This ‘risk profile’ along with the building capacity can be used to calculate the required minimum width of fire exits.
How many fire exits are required?
The number of fire exits required depends upon the capacity and use of a building, as well as the width of the fire exits. For example, two double door fire exits may be more suitable than four single doors.
Government guidelines state that, if there is only one escape route, the travel distance should not be more than 18 metres. This reduces to 12 metres where there is a high risk of fire starting or spreading, but can be increased to around 25 metres in low-risk areas.
If there is more than one escape route, the travel distance should not exceed 45 metres; this reduces to 25 metres in high fire risk areas and can be increased to 60 metres where the risk is low.
Fire exits must be clearly signposted and well lit
Escape route and fire exit signage
In accordance with Article 14 (g) of the RRFSO, “emergency routes and exits must be indicated by signs”.
This is because an escape route will not necessarily be the route people would use under normal circumstances. In a fire situation, the travel distance to a place of safety must be as short as possible. Well-lit fire exit signs facilitate this by identifying the nearest escape route(s). The travel distance should be measured from the farthest point in a room to the door leading to a protected stairway or, if there is no protected stairway, to the final exit of the building.
BS 5499 and BS ISO EN 7010 compliant fire escape route signs affix easily to walls and are available in three sizes, with a viewing distance of 30 metres, 22 metres and 17 metres. The signs all show a man running through a rectangular doorway with a directional arrow pointing the way and may read “Fire exit” or “Exit”. Photoluminescent (glow-in-the-dark) versions of these signs are useful in areas of low visibility, accompanied by separate emergency lighting.
Illuminated Fire Exit Signs
Illuminated fire exit signs are recommended along escape routes in public places, where occupants are likely to be unfamiliar with their surroundings. Therefore, if the fire exit door requires a ‘panic bar’, fitting illuminated exit signage alongside separate emergency lighting is advised. These are battery powered (trickle charged from the mains electricity supply) and will light the escape route in the event of a power failure. They can be mounted on walls or ceilings, or suspended from chains where ceilings are high. Again, they show the man running, a directional arrow and a rectangular doorway, and may read “Fire Exit”.
Fire exit doors should also have appropriate signage, e.g. “Fire Exit – Keep Clear”, with an illuminated fire exit sign above. The panic exit hardware must carry a “Push Bar to Open” sign. For emergency exits in commercial premises, each push pad must have a “Push” sticker where the pad needs to be pressed.
Fill gaps in floorboards with ‘DraughtEx’; a flexible solution, which expands and compresses with the wood throughout the year.
Gaps in floorboards can be unsightly, while causing draughts and low energy efficiency. Gaps appear due to fluctuations in temperature and humidity, meaning that they change with the seasons, and therefore have traditionally been difficult to resolve.
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What is DraughtEx?
DraughtEx, the ‘seal on a reel’, is an easy-to-install floorboard gap filler, suitable for different size floor gaps. This product looks like a cable, and is easy to install, requiring no adhesive, and leaving no mess.
Once fitted, DraughtEx has a natural ‘shadow’ like appearance, and unlike other solutions, is able to remain in place due to its flexible material. It comes in three widths (thin, standard, and thick) to fit gaps of different sizes. Unsure which size to order? Sample packs, containing 1 meter of each size and an applicator, are available for testing purposes.
DraughtEx is a cable like, flexible material which fits easily into gaps
Gaps in floorboards causing draughts
Gaps in floorboards can cause draughts, and reduce the energy efficiency of your home. With energy bills high, sealing floorboard gaps with DraughtEx is an economical and environmentally friendly investment. The Energy Saving Trust estimate that insulating the floorboards on the just ground floor of a gas-heated home could save up to as £85 per year, meaning that DraughtEx quickly pays for itself.
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Intumescent strips are fitted to the edges of fire doors. In in extreme heat, these strips expand to seal the gaps between the door leaf and its frame. This allows closed fire doors to act as a barrier to the spread of smoke and flames throughout a building. Therefore, it is essential that fire doors are installed, maintained with their seals intact. They must also be kept shut when not in use.
Intumescent seal on a fire door
Smoke seal vs intumescent strip
‘Intumescent strips’ are embedded in the door, and are dormant under normal conditions. These strips respond to heat, causing them to expand greatly in the event of a fire. This closes the gap between the door and its frame. These seals activate at temperatures that are above human survival levels. Therefore, there is no danger of them expanding and trapping people trying to escape.
A ‘brush’ seal or smoke seal will prevent the escape of cold smoke around the edges of the fire door. While these seals are also intumescent, smoke inhalation can be more dangerous than the fire itself. It is important, when fitting smoke seals, that they do not hinder the full and effective closure of the door.
Do all fire doors need intumescent strips and smoke seals?
In order to be effective, all fire doors must be fitted with intumescent strips. Without these, the door will not ‘seal’ to the frame in the event of a fire. These seals are essential to slow the spread of the fire throughout the building, providing occupants time to evacuate. If intumescent strips are found not to have been fitted in the event of a fire, the Responsible Person could be prosecuted.
Smoke seals, however, are required as specified in the fire risk assessment. Most commonly this is included on doors approaching escape routes and doors which open on to a common space.
All fire doors must have intumescent strips fitted
Why fit intumescent strips and smoke seals?
Intumescent seals only react to extreme heat, so they don’t seal up until the fire is very close. Before this, smoke from the fire which has accumulated will be able to pass through the gaps around the door. This puts building occupants in danger of smoke inhalation, which can be fatal. Smoke seals prevent this, and are typically either a soft brush or a plastic / rubber flap.
When should smoke seals not be fitted?
There are some applications where a gap should not have smoke seals: e.g. if the fire door has been installed on the exit of a room which has no smoke detectors on its own. In this case, the fire alarm system can only be triggered if smoke can leak out around the fire door and set off the fire alarm system in the circulation spaces, but these cases are quite rare.
Fire door ratings and smoke
Fire doors are rated in accordance with the length of time they will resist a fire. Therefore, a door rated ‘FD30’ will resist the passage of fire for 30 minutes, an ‘FD60’ for 60 minutes. If a fire door is rated FD30s, (‘s’ meaning ‘smoke’), it should have been fitted with the appropriate seal to resist the passage of cold smoke for 30 minutes as well. For more information about how fire doors are rated, visit our blog.
Fire door gaps and smoke seals
British Standards set out details on the permitted gaps around a fire door. The gap along the sides, top, and between the leaves of a double door, must be between 2mm and 4mm. Responsible Persons can use a gap gauge to ensure that their fire door gaps are compliant.
Under-door (threshold) gaps should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions for the particular doorset design. This blog provides more information about threshold gaps.
Intumescent seals can only be effective with the correct gap size between the door and frame
Can smoke seals be painted?
Fire doors can be painted with ordinary paint. However, fire accessories, including intumescent seals should not be painted, as it can prevent them from being effective in the event of a fire.
Are intumescent strips required in letter boxes?
If a fire door has a letter box installed, this must have been tested and rated to the same standards as the door itself.
If an intumescent letter box needs to be added to a fire door retrospectively, this can only be done if specified in the scope of the fire door’s Certifire Approval documents, and in line with the manufacturer’s instructions. Further to this, alterations can only be made by a trained professional, and with certified hardware. This ensures that the performance of the door, and its associated certification, is not compromised.
What does the threshold drop seal do?
If smoke protection is required by Building Regulations or the fire risk assessment, the maximum gap underneath the fire door is reduced to 4mm. If the gap under a fire door is too large, surface mounted drop-down smoke seals or rebated drop-down smoke seals can be fitted to existing fire doors. When the door closes, a plunger makes contact with the door frame and lowers the seal to the floor, closing the gap under the door. This is usually a suitable solution for gaps of up to 14mm.
Can fire door seals be replaced?
Where a fire door rebate already exists, or the existing rebated fire door seal has been damaged, rebated intumescent fire door seals can be fitted.
Can fire door seals be fitted retrospectively?
Some older fire doors do not comply with the latest specifications. In some cases, this means that they do not have the appropriate intumescent or smoke seals. Fire door seals can be retrospectively added to these fire doors.
To avoid having to cut a rebate in either the door or the frame, surface mounted fire door seals can be fitted. These are stuck to the frame or door with their self-adhesive backing and sometimes nailed as well to give them increased longevity.
Replace intumescent seals if they are damaged
Who can fit fire door seals?
Fire doors should always be professionally installed, as should any work which structurally alters the door or its hardware. Therefore, rebated fire door seals can only be fitted by a qualified professional, whether as a replacement or retrofit.
Surface mounted fire door seals, on the other hand, can be fitted by a ‘Competent Person’. If new fire door seals are fitted for the first time, make sure that fire door hinges, fire door closers and, where necessary, intumescent door lock protection are fitted as well.
Visit our website to see Safelincs’ full range of fire door seals. This includes ‘fire only’ (intumescent) and ‘fire and smoke’ (intumescent and brush) fire door seals. Safelincs supply both rebated and surface-mounted application, in both FD30 and FD60 ratings. If you are still unsure what type of seal your door requires, or whether a retrofit is appropriate for your door, contact our friendly fire door team on 0800 433 4289 or by emailing firedoors@safelincs.co.uk.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between intumescent strips and smoke seals?
Intumescent strips remain dormant under normal conditions but expand greatly when exposed to extreme heat during a fire. This expansion seals gaps between the door and frame to block flames and hot gases. Cold smoke seals, often appearing as brush or rubber flaps, work differently by blocking smoke at normal temperatures. While intumescent strips activate only at high temperatures beyond human survival levels, cold smoke seals work immediately to prevent smoke from passing around door edges, protecting against smoke inhalation, which can be fatal before the fire itself reaches you. Many modern products combine both functions as intumescent smoke seals, providing complete protection against fire and smoke.
Do fire doors need intumescent seals?
Yes, all fire door sets must have intumescent seals to function correctly. Without these seals, a fire door cannot perform its essential purpose of containing fire within compartments. The lack of proper seals will allow fire to spread quickly through gaps around the door. The Responsible Person could face prosecution if fire doors are found without properly fitted intumescent seals during an incident. Building regulations require these seals to ensure the door achieves its fire rating (FD30, FD60, etc.). Cold smoke seals, while not always required on every fire door, are typically specified in fire risk assessments for doors near escape routes or those opening into common areas.
How do I fit intumescent fire seals?
The fitting method depends on whether you are using rebated or surface-mounted seals. For rebated seals: 1) Ensure the rebate in the door or frame is clean and free from obstructions, 2) Measure and cut the seal to the correct length, 3) Remove the backing from the adhesive strip, 4) Press firmly into the rebate, ensuring it sits flush, 5) Secure with pins if recommended by the manufacturer. For surface-mounted seals: 1) Clean the surface where the seal will be applied, 2) Measure and cut the seal to size, 3) Remove the backing from the adhesive, 4) Apply to the door or frame, pressing firmly, 5) Some seals require additional fixing with pins for long-term security. Professional installation is required for rebated seals, while Competent Persons can fit surface-mounted types. Always check the fire door after fitting the intumescent seals to ensure it self-closes. Adjustments may need to be made to the door if the newly fitted fire door seals prevent the door from closing.
Can fire door seals be fitted to the door instead of the frame?
Yes, intumescent seals can be fitted to either the door or the frame for single fire doors. Both options comply with regulations as long as the seals meet the required fire rating. For double doors or door-and-a-half configurations, the seals should be fitted to the door leaves themselves to ensure the gaps between door leaves are properly sealed during a fire.
What types of intumescent strips are available?
Several types of intumescent strips are available to suit different fire door requirements: 1) Standard intumescent strips (fire-only seals), 2) Combined intumescent and smoke seals (fire and smoke protection), 3) Rebated seals that fit into grooves in the door or frame, 4) Surface-mounted seals that attach to the face of doors or frames, 5) Threshold drop seals for under door gaps, 6) Specifically rated seals for FD30 (30-minute) or FD60 (60-minute) doors. Each type serves specific applications depending on your building regulations requirements and fire risk assessment findings.
Why are cold smoke seals important?
Cold smoke seals provide protection against smoke spread at normal temperatures before a fire heats up enough to activate intumescent strips. This is crucial because: 1) Smoke inhalation causes most fire-related deaths, 2) Smoke travels much faster than fire through a building, 3) Even small gaps around doors allow significant smoke passage, 4) Clear escape routes free from smoke improve survival chances. Combining intumescent strips for fire containment and cold smoke seals for smoke containment provides complete protection.
When should intumescent smoke seals be used?
Intumescent smoke seals, which combine both fire and smoke protection, should be used: 1) On doors along escape routes, 2) For doors opening onto common areas or shared spaces, 3) When specified by your fire risk assessment, 4) In buildings with vulnerable occupants, 5) Where smoke control is critical for evacuation strategy. Some exceptions exist where smoke seals might not be appropriate, such as rooms without smoke detectors where smoke leakage is needed to trigger external alarms. Always consult your fire risk assessment.
What are the requirements for intumescent seals for fire doors?
Fire doors must have correctly specified intumescent seals that: 1) Match the fire rating of the door (FD30, FD60, etc.), 2) Seal gaps of between 2mm and 4mm around the sides and top, 3) Remain unmodified by paint or other coatings, 4) Are correctly fitted according to manufacturer instructions, 5) Remain intact and undamaged. The British Standards set out specific requirements for gap sizes and seal placement. The gap along the sides, top, and between double door leaves must be between 2mm and 4mm.
Can damaged intumescent fire seals be replaced?
Yes, damaged intumescent fire seals can and should be replaced as soon as damage is noticed. Damaged seals compromise the fire resistance of the entire door assembly. For replacement: 1) Remove the damaged seal completely, 2) Clean the rebate or surface, 3) Install a new seal of the same type and fire rating, 4) Ensure proper adhesion, 5) Check fire door self-closes after the new seal is fitted. Rebated seals require professional replacement, while surface-mounted seals can often be replaced by a Competent Person within your organisation.
How do I maintain the intumescent seals?
Regular inspection of intumescent seals is essential for fire safety. Check for: 1) Physical damage or degradation, 2) Proper adhesion to the door or frame, 3) Complete coverage with no missing sections, 4) Signs of tampering or paint overspray, 5) Correct operation of any moving parts on drop seals. We recommend including seal checks in your regular fire door inspections. Replace any damaged seals promptly to maintain fire safety compliance.
Why should I choose Safelincs for my intumescent seal needs?
Safelincs provides quality intumescent seals backed by our commitment to customer satisfaction. Our team can help you select the right seals for your fire doors, whether you need a single replacement or products for an entire building. As winners of customer service awards and the trusted supplier to major organisations, including the Church of England and the Catholic Church in the UK, we offer: 1) Quality products that meet all relevant standards, 2) Expert advice on selection and installation, 3) Competitive pricing, 4) Next-day delivery on many items, 5) Ongoing support for all your fire safety needs. Contact our friendly fire door team on 0800 433 4289 or email firedoors@safelincs.co.uk for personalised advice on your intumescent seal requirements.
